Compositions and methods for the treatment of neurological disorders

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to the compounds of formula I and formula IA or its pharmaceutical acceptable salts, as well as polymorphs, solvates, enantiomers, stereoisomers and hydrates thereof. The pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of compounds of formula I and formula IA; and methods for treating or preventing neurological diseases may be formulated for oral, buccal, rectal, topical, transdermal, transmucosal, intravenous, parenteral administration, syrup, or injection. Such compositions may be used to treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder, trigeminal neuralgia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia, neuropathic pain, seizures, bipolar disorder, mania, phantom limb syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, neuromyotonia, intermittent explosive disorder, borderline personality disorder, Myotonia congenita and post-traumatic stress disorder.

PRIORITY

This application is a national phase filing of the Patent CooperationTreaty (PCT) application #PCT/IB2013/050711 titled “COMPOSITIONS ANDMETHODS FOR THE TREATMENT OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS” filed on Jan. 28,2013 Published with WIPO Publication #WO/2013/167985, which furtherclaims priority to parent application 1782/CHE/2012 filed on May 7, 2012in the country of India. The entire disclosure of the priorityapplications are relied on for all purposes and is incorporated intothis application by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This disclosure generally relates to compounds and compositions for thetreatment of neurological disorders. More particularly, this inventionrelates to treating subjects with a pharmaceutically acceptable dose ofcompounds, crystals, esters, salts, enantiomers, stereoisomers,polymorphs, hydrates, prodrugs, or mixtures thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Disorders such as the periodic paralyses, nondystrophic myotonias,episodic ataxias, paroxysmal dyskinesias, long QT syndrome, migraineheadache, and epilepsy all share the feature of being episodic innature. Affected individuals are often completely healthy betweenattacks. Stress and fatigue precipitate attacks in all of thesediseases, and various dietary factors can also contribute to attackonset. The drugs used to treat these disorders overlap significantly.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are effective for many patients withperiodic paralysis, episodic ataxia, and migraine headache. Mexiletinehydrochloride, an effective antiarrhythmic medication, can be beneficialin treating myotonia in patients with paramyotonia congenita. Theanticonvulsant carbamazepine is an extremely efficacious drug fortreating the episodic movements of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia.All of these disorders have a tendency to begin in infancy or childhoodand to worsen through adolescence and young adult life. In some cases,they decrease in severity and frequency in middle to late adult life.

Epilepsy and stroke are the 2 most common neurological disorders: at anyone time 7 in 1000 people in the general population have epilepsy.Epilepsy usually begins in childhood, potentially impeding education,employment, social relationships and development of a sense ofself-worth. Prompt, accurate diagnosis with appropriate social andmedical management will optimize the situation. A family physician, inconjunction with a neurologist, can ascertain (a) if the episodesrepresent epileptic seizures and (b) if so, which epileptic syndromethey represent.

A harmonized partnership between family physician and neurologist willfacilitate the recognition and care of epileptic disorders. As the roleof the family physician in the care of patients with epilepsy increases,the principles delineated in this article will be ever more utilized.Trigeminal neuralgia is defined as sudden, usually unilateral, severe,brief, stabbing recurrent episodes of pain within the distribution ofone or more branches of the trigeminal nerve, which has a profoundeffect on quality of life. The diagnosis is made on history alone, andtime needs to be taken to elicit the key features and differentiate fromtoothache or one of the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. Mosttrigeminal neuralgia is idiopathic, but a small percentage is due tosecondary causes for example, tumours or multiple sclerosis which can bepicked up on CT or MRI.

Recently published international guidelines suggest that carbamazepineand oxcarbazepine are the first-line drugs. There is limited evidencefor the use of lamotrigine and baclofen. If there is a decrease inefficacy or tolerability of medication, surgery needs to be considered.

Managing acute pathology of often relies on the addressing underlyingpathology and symptoms of the disease. There is currently a need in theart for new compositions to treatment of Neurological disorders.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides compounds, compositions containing thesecompounds and methods for using the same to treat, prevent and/orameliorate the effects of the conditions such as Neurological disorders.

The invention herein provides compositions comprising of formula I orpharmaceutical acceptable salts thereof. The invention also providespharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds of formulaI or enantiomers of formula I or intermediates thereof and one or moreof pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, vehicles or diluents. Thesecompositions may be used in the treatment of Neurological disorders andits associated complications.

In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the compoundsand compositions of formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof,

Wherein,

-   R¹ each independently represents Oxygen (O), D, Hydrogen (H) or    Fluorine (F);-   R³ independently represents H, D,

-   R² independently represents

-   -   a is independently 2, 3 or 7;    -   each b is independently 3, 5 or 6;    -   e is independently 1, 2 or 6;    -   c and d are each independently H, D, —OH, —OD, C₁-C₆-alkyl, —NH₂        or —COCH₃.

In the illustrative embodiments, examples of compounds of formula I areas set forth below:

In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the compoundsand compositions of formula IA in S-enantiomer or R-enantiomer form orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof,

Wherein,

-   R¹ each independently represents Oxygen (O), D, Hydrogen (H) or    Fluorine (F);-   R³ each independently represents D,

-   R² each independently represents Acetyl (CH₃CO—),

-   -   a is independently 2, 3 or 7;    -   each b is independently 3, 5 or 6;    -   e is independently 1, 2 or 6;    -   c and d are each independently H, D, —OH, —OD, C₁-C₆-alkyl, —NH₂        or —COCH₃.

In the illustrative embodiments, examples of compounds of activestereoisomer form of formula IA are as set forth below:

Herein the application also provides a kit comprising any of thepharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein. The kit may compriseinstructions for use in the treatment of Neurological disorders or itsrelated complications.

The application also discloses a pharmaceutical composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any of the compositions herein.In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated forsystemic administration, oral administration, sustained release,parenteral administration, injection, subdermal administration, ortransdermal administration.

Herein, the application additionally provides kits comprising thepharmaceutical compositions described herein. The kits may furthercomprise instructions for use in the treatment of Neurological disordersor its related complications.

The compositions described herein have several uses. The presentapplication provides, for example, methods of treating a patientsuffering from Neurological disorders or its related complicationsmanifested from metabolic conditions, chronic diseases or disorders;Hepatology, Cancer, Neurological, Hematological, Orthopedic,Cardiovascular, Renal, Skin, Vascular or Ocular complications.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

As used herein, the following terms and phrases shall have the meaningsset forth below. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientificterms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one ofordinary skill in the art.

The compounds of the present invention can be present in the form ofpharmaceutically acceptable salts. The compounds of the presentinvention can also be present in the form of pharmaceutically acceptableesters (i.e., the methyl and ethyl esters of the acids of formula I andformula IA to be used as prodrugs). The compounds of the presentinvention can also be solvated, i.e. hydrated. The solvation can beaffected in the course of the manufacturing process or can take placei.e. as a consequence of hygroscopic properties of an initiallyanhydrous compound of formula I and formula IA (hydration).

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the natureor sequence of bonding of their atoms or the arrangement of their atomsin space are termed “isomers.” Isomers that differ in the arrangement oftheir atoms in space are termed “stereoisomers.” Diastereomers arestereoisomers with opposite configuration at one or more chiral centerswhich are not enantiomers. Stereoisomers bearing one or more asymmetriccenters that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other aretermed “enantiomers.” When a compound has an asymmetric center, forexample, if a carbon atom is bonded to four different groups, a pair ofenantiomers is possible. An enantiomer can be characterized by theabsolute configuration of its asymmetric center or centers and isdescribed by the R- and S-sequencing rules of Cahn, Ingold and Prelog,or by the manner in which the molecule rotates the plane of polarizedlight and designated as dextrorotatory or levorotatory (i.e., as (+) or(−)-isomers respectively). A chiral compound can exist as eitherindividual enantiomer or as a mixture thereof. A mixture containingequal proportions of the enantiomers is called a “racemic mixture”.

As used herein, the term “metabolic condition” refers to an Inbornerrors of metabolism (or genetic metabolic conditions) are geneticdisorders that result from a defect in one or more metabolic pathways;specifically, the function of an enzyme is affected and is eitherdeficient or completely absent.

In some embodiments, a molecular conjugate comprises of compoundsselected from the group consisting of R-lipoic acid (CAS No. 1200-22-2),salsalate (CAS No. 552-94-3), acetylcysteine (CAS No. 616-91-1),Eicosapentaenoic acid (CAS No. 10417-94-4), Docosahexaenoic acid (CASNo. 6217-54-5).

The term “polymorph” as used herein is art-recognized and refers to onecrystal structure of a given compound.

The phrases “parenteral administration” and “administered parenterally”as used herein refer to modes of administration other than enteral andtopical administration, such as injections, and include withoutlimitation intravenous, intramuscular, intrapleural, intravascular,intrapericardial, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular,intraorbital, intracardiac, intradennal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal,subcutaneous, subcuticular, intra-articular, subcapsular, subarachnoid,intraspinal and intrastemal injection and infusion.

A “patient,” “subject,” or “host” to be treated by the subject methodmay mean either a human or non-human animal, such as primates, mammals,and vertebrates.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is art-recognized. In certainembodiments, the term includes compositions, polymers and othermaterials and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of soundmedical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues ofmammals, human beings and animals without excessive toxicity,irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication,commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is art-recognized, andincludes, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable materials,compositions or vehicles, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent,solvent or encapsulating material involved in carrying or transportingany subject composition, from one organ, or portion of the body, toanother organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable”in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a subjectcomposition and not injurious to the patient. In certain embodiments, apharmaceutically acceptable carrier is non-pyrogenic. Some examples ofmaterials which may serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriersinclude: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches,such as corn starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, and itsderivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose andcellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7)talc; (8) cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanutoil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil andsoybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, suchas glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters,such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) bufferingagents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginicacid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer'ssolution; (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) phosphate buffer solutions; and (21)other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceuticalformulations.

The term “prodrug” is intended to encompass compounds that, underphysiological conditions, are converted into the therapeutically activeagents of the present invention. A common method for making a prodrug isto include selected moieties that are hydrolyzed under physiologicalconditions to reveal the desired molecule. In other embodiments, theprodrug is converted by an enzymatic activity of the host animal.

The term “prophylactic or therapeutic” treatment is art-recognized andincludes administration to the host of one or more of the subjectcompositions. If it is administered prior to clinical manifestation ofthe unwanted condition (e.g., disease or other unwanted state of thehost animal) then the treatment is prophylactic, i.e., it protects thehost against developing the unwanted condition, whereas if it isadministered after manifestation of the unwanted condition, thetreatment is therapeutic, (i.e., it is intended to diminish, ameliorate,or stabilize the existing unwanted condition or side effects thereof).

The term “predicting” as used herein refers to assessing the probabilityrelated diseases patient will suffer from abnormalities or complicationand/or terminal platelet aggregation or failure and/or death (i.e.mortality) within a defined time window (predictive window) in thefuture. The mortality may be caused by the central nervous system orcomplication. The predictive window is an interval in which the subjectwill develop one or more of the said complications according to thepredicted probability. The predictive window may be the entire remaininglifespan of the subject upon analysis by the method of the presentinvention.

The term “treating” is art-recognized and includes preventing a disease,disorder or condition from occurring in an animal which may bepredisposed to the disease, disorder and/or condition but has not yetbeen diagnosed as having it; inhibiting the disease, disorder orcondition, e.g., impeding its progress; and relieving the disease,disorder, or condition, e.g., causing regression of the disease,disorder and/or condition. Treating the disease or condition includesameliorating at least one symptom of the particular disease orcondition, even if the underlying pathophysiology is not affected, suchas treating the neurological condition such as epilepsy, bipolardisorder, trigeminal neuralgia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), schizophrenia, neuropathic pain, seizures, bipolar disorder,mania, phantom limb syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, paroxysmalextreme pain disorder, neuromyotonia, intermittent explosive disorder,borderline personality disorder, Myotonia congenita and post-traumaticstress disorder of a subject by administration of an agent even thoughsuch agent does not treat the cause of the condition. The term“treating”, “treat” or “treatment” as used herein includes curative,preventative (e.g., prophylactic), adjunct and palliative treatment.

The phrase “therapeutically effective amount” is an art-recognized term.In certain embodiments, the term refers to an amount of a salt orcomposition disclosed herein that produces some desired effect at areasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. Incertain embodiments, the term refers to that amount necessary orsufficient to eliminate or reduce medical symptoms for a period of time.The effective amount may vary depending on such factors as the diseaseor condition being treated, the particular targeted constructs beingadministered, the size of the subject, or the severity of the disease orcondition. One of ordinary skill in the art may empirically determinethe effective amount of a particular composition without necessitatingundue experimentation.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions described hereinare formulated in a manner such that said compositions will be deliveredto a patient in a therapeutically effective amount, as part of aprophylactic or therapeutic treatment. The desired amount of thecomposition to be administered to a patient will depend on absorption,inactivation, and excretion rates of the drug as well as the deliveryrate of the salts and compositions from the subject compositions. It isto be noted that dosage values may also vary with the severity of thecondition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for anyparticular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted overtime according to the individual need and the professional judgment ofthe person administering or supervising the administration of thecompositions. Typically, dosing will be determined using techniquesknown to one skilled in the art.

Additionally, the optimal concentration and/or quantities or amounts ofany particular salt or composition may be adjusted to accommodatevariations in the treatment parameters. Such treatment parametersinclude the clinical use to which the preparation is put, e.g., the sitetreated, the type of patient, e.g., human or non-human, adult or child,and the nature of the disease or condition.

In certain embodiments, the dosage of the subject compositions providedherein may be determined by reference to the plasma concentrations ofthe therapeutic composition or other encapsulated materials. Forexample, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and the area under theplasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity may be used.

When used with respect to a pharmaceutical composition or othermaterial, the term “sustained release” is art-recognized. For example, asubject composition which releases a substance over time may exhibitsustained release characteristics, in contrast to a bolus typeadministration in which the entire amount of the substance is madebiologically available at one time. For example, in particularembodiments, upon contact with body fluids including blood, spinalfluid, mucus secretions, lymph or the like, one or more of thepharmaceutically acceptable excipients may undergo gradual or delayeddegradation (e.g., through hydrolysis) with concomitant release of anymaterial incorporated therein, e.g., an therapeutic and/or biologicallyactive salt and/or composition, for a sustained or extended period (ascompared to the release from a bolus). This release may result inprolonged delivery of therapeutically effective amounts of any of thetherapeutic agents disclosed herein.

The phrases “systemic administration,” “administered systemically,”“peripheral administration” and “administered peripherally” areart-recognized, and include the administration of a subject composition,therapeutic or other material at a site remote from the disease beingtreated. Administration of an agent for the disease being treated, evenif the agent is subsequently distributed systemically, may be termed“local” or “topical” or “regional” administration, other than directlyinto the central nervous system, e.g., by subcutaneous administration,such that it enters the patient's system and, thus, is subject tometabolism and other like processes.

The phrase “therapeutically effective amount” is an art-recognized term.In certain embodiments, the term refers to an amount of a salt orcomposition disclosed herein that produces some desired effect at areasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. Incertain embodiments, the term refers to that amount necessary orsufficient to eliminate or reduce medical symptoms for a period of time.The effective amount may vary depending on such factors as the diseaseor condition being treated, the particular targeted constructs beingadministered, the size of the subject, or the severity of the disease orcondition. One of ordinary skill in the art may empirically determinethe effective amount of a particular composition without necessitatingundue experimentation.

The present disclosure also contemplates prodrugs of the compositionsdisclosed herein, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts of saidprodrugs.

This application also discloses a pharmaceutical composition comprisinga pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and the composition of a compoundof Formula I and formula IA may be formulated for systemic or topical ororal administration. The pharmaceutical composition may be alsoformulated for oral administration, oral solution, injection, subdermaladministration, or transdermal administration. The pharmaceuticalcomposition may further comprise at least one of a pharmaceuticallyacceptable stabilizer, diluent, surfactant, filler, binder, andlubricant.

In many embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions described hereinwill incorporate the disclosed compounds and compositions (Formula I andIA) to be delivered in an amount sufficient to deliver to a patient atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I and formulaIA or composition as part of a prophylactic or therapeutic treatment.The desired concentration of formula I and formula IA or itspharmaceutical acceptable salts will depend on absorption, inactivation,and excretion rates of the drug as well as the delivery rate of thesalts and compositions from the subject compositions. It is to be notedthat dosage values may also vary with the severity of the condition tobe alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particularsubject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time accordingto the individual need and the professional judgment of the personadministering or supervising the administration of the compositions.Typically, dosing will be determined using techniques known to oneskilled in the art.

Additionally, the optimal concentration and/or quantities or amounts ofany particular compound of formula I and formula IA may be adjusted toaccommodate variations in the treatment parameters. Such treatmentparameters include the clinical use to which the preparation is put,e.g., the site treated, the type of patient, e.g., human or non-human,adult or child, and the nature of the disease or condition.

The concentration and/or amount of any compound of formula I and formulaIA may be readily identified by routine screening in animals, e.g.,rats, by screening a range of concentration and/or amounts of thematerial in question using appropriate assays. Known methods are alsoavailable to assay local tissue concentrations, diffusion rates of thesalts or compositions, and local blood flow before and afteradministration of therapeutic formulations disclosed herein. One suchmethod is microdialysis, as reviewed by T. E. Robinson et al., 1991,microdialysis in the neurosciences, Techniques, volume 7, Chapter 1. Themethods reviewed by Robinson may be applied, in brief, as follows. Amicrodialysis loop is placed in situ in a test animal. Dialysis fluid ispumped through the loop. When compounds with formula I and formula IAsuch as those disclosed herein are injected adjacent to the loop,released drugs are collected in the dialysate in proportion to theirlocal tissue concentrations. The progress of diffusion of the salts orcompositions may be determined thereby with suitable calibrationprocedures using known concentrations of salts or compositions.

In certain embodiments, the dosage of the subject compounds of formula Iand formula IA provided herein may be determined by reference to theplasma concentrations of the therapeutic composition or otherencapsulated materials. For example, the maximum plasma concentration(Cmax) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time0 to infinity may be used.

Generally, in carrying out the methods detailed in this application, aneffective dosage for the compounds of Formulas I is in the range ofabout 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day in single or divided doses,for instance 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day in single or divideddoses. The compounds of Formulas I may be administered at a dose of, forexample, less than 0.2 mg/kg/day, 0.5 mg/kg/day, 1.0 mg/kg/day, 5mg/kg/day, 10 mg/kg/day, 20 mg/kg/day, 30 mg/kg/day, or 40 mg/kg/day.Compounds of Formula I and formula IA may also be administered to ahuman patient at a dose of, for example, between 0.1 mg and 1000 mg,between 5 mg and 80 mg, or less than 1.0, 9.0, 12.0, 20.0, 50.0, 75.0,100, 300, 400, 500, 800, 1000, 2000, 5000 mg per day. In certainembodiments, the compositions herein are administered at an amount thatis less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, or 10% of thecompound of formula I and formula IA required for the same therapeuticbenefit.

An effective amount of the compounds of formula I and formula IAdescribed herein refers to the amount of one of said salts orcompositions which is capable of inhibiting or preventing a disease.

An effective amount may be sufficient to prohibit, treat, alleviate,ameliorate, halt, restrain, slow or reverse the progression, or reducethe severity of a complication resulting from nerve damage ordemyelization and/or elevated reactive oxidative-nitrosative speciesand/or abnormalities in neurotransmitter homeostasis's, in patients whoare at risk for such complications. As such, these methods include bothmedical therapeutic (acute) and/or prophylactic (prevention)administration as appropriate. The amount and timing of compositionsadministered will, of course, be dependent on the subject being treated,on the severity of the affliction, on the manner of administration andon the judgment of the prescribing physician. Thus, because ofpatient-to-patient variability, the dosages given above are a guidelineand the physician may titrate doses of the drug to achieve the treatmentthat the physician considers appropriate for the patient. In consideringthe degree of treatment desired, the physician must balance a variety offactors such as age of the patient, presence of preexisting disease, aswell as presence of other diseases.

The compositions provided by this application may be administered to asubject in need of treatment by a variety of conventional routes ofadministration, including orally, topically, parenterally, e.g.,intravenously, subcutaneously or intramedullary. Further, thecompositions may be administered intranasally, as a rectal suppository,or using a “flash” formulation, i.e., allowing the medication todissolve in the mouth without the need to use water. Furthermore, thecompositions may be administered to a subject in need of treatment bycontrolled release dosage forms, site specific drug delivery,transdermal drug delivery, patch (active/passive) mediated drugdelivery, by stereotactic injection, or in nanoparticles.

The compositions may be administered alone or in combination withpharmaceutically acceptable carriers, vehicles or diluents, in eithersingle or multiple doses. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers, vehicles anddiluents include inert solid diluents or fillers, sterile aqueoussolutions and various organic solvents. The pharmaceutical compositionsformed by combining the compositions and the pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers, vehicles or diluents are then readily administered in avariety of dosage forms such as tablets, powders, lozenges, syrups,injectable solutions and the like. These pharmaceutical compositionscan, if desired, contain additional ingredients such as flavorings,binders, excipients and the like. Thus, for purposes of oraladministration, tablets containing various excipients such asL-arginine, sodium citrate, calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate maybe employed along with various disintegrates such as starch, alginicacid and certain complex silicates, together with binding agents such aspolyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, gelatin and acacia. Additionally,lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate andtalc are often useful for tabletting purposes. Solid compositions of asimilar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard filledgelatin capsules. Appropriate materials for this include lactose or milksugar and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. When aqueoussuspensions or elixirs are desired for oral administration, theessential active ingredient therein may be combined with varioussweetening or flavoring agents, coloring matter or dyes and, if desired,emulsifying or suspending agents, together with diluents such as water,ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin and combinations thereof. Thecompounds of formula I and formula IA may also comprise entericallycoated comprising of various excipients, as is well known in thepharmaceutical art.

For parenteral administration, solutions of the compositions may beprepared in (for example) sesame or peanut oil, aqueous propyleneglycol, or in sterile aqueous solutions may be employed. Such aqueoussolutions should be suitably buffered if necessary and the liquiddiluent first rendered isotonic with sufficient saline or glucose. Theseparticular aqueous solutions are especially suitable for intravenous,intramuscular, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration. In thisconnection, the sterile aqueous media employed are all readily availableby standard techniques known to those skilled in the art.

The formulations, for instance tablets, may contain e.g. 10 to 100, 50to 250, 150 to 500 mg, or 350 to 800 mg e.g. 10, 50, 100, 300, 500, 700,800 mg of the compounds of formula I and formula IA disclosed herein,for instance, compounds of formula I and formula IA or pharmaceuticalacceptable salts of a compounds of Formula I.

Generally, a composition as described herein may be administered orally,or parenterally (e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous orintramedullary). Topical administration may also be indicated, forexample, where the patient is suffering from gastrointestinal disorderthat prevent oral administration, or whenever the medication is bestapplied to the surface of a tissue or organ as determined by theattending physician. Localized administration may also be indicated, forexample, when a high dose is desired at the target tissue or organ. Forbuccal administration the active composition may take the form oftablets or lozenges formulated in a conventional manner.

The dosage administered will be dependent upon the identity of theneurological disease; the type of host involved, including its age,health and weight; the kind of concurrent treatment, if any; thefrequency of treatment and therapeutic ratio.

Illustratively, dosage levels of the administered active ingredientsare: intravenous, 0.1 to about 200 mg/kg; intramuscular, 1 to about 500mg/kg; orally, 5 to about 1000 mg/kg; intranasal instillation, 5 toabout 1000 mg/kg; and aerosol, 5 to about 1000 mg/kg of host bodyweight.

Expressed in terms of concentration, an active ingredient can be presentin the compositions of the present invention for localized use about thecutis, intranasally, pharyngolaryngeally, bronchially, intravaginally,rectally, or ocularly in a concentration of from about 0.01 to about 50%w/w of the composition; preferably about 1 to about 20% w/w of thecomposition; and for parenteral use in a concentration of from about0.05 to about 50% w/v of the composition and preferably from about 5 toabout 20% w/v.

The compositions of the present invention are preferably presented foradministration to humans and animals in unit dosage forms, such astablets, capsules, pills, powders, granules, suppositories, sterileparenteral solutions or suspensions, sterile non-parenteral solutions ofsuspensions, and oral solutions or suspensions and the like, containingsuitable quantities of an active ingredient. For oral administrationeither solid or fluid unit dosage forms can be prepared.

As discussed above, the tablet core contains one or more hydrophilicpolymers. Suitable hydrophilic polymers include, but are not limited to,water swellable cellulose derivatives, polyalkylene glycols,thermoplastic polyalkylene oxides, acrylic polymers, hydrocolloids,clays, gelling starches, swelling cross-linked polymers, and mixturesthereof. Examples of suitable water swellable cellulose derivativesinclude, but are not limited to, sodium carboxymethylcellulose,cross-linked hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC),hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxyisopropylcellulose,hydroxybutylcellulose, hydroxyphenylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose(HEC), hydroxypentylcellulose, hydroxypropylethylcellulose,hydroxypropylbutylcellulose, and hydroxypropylethylcellulose, andmixtures thereof. Examples of suitable polyalkylene glycols include, butare not limited to, polyethylene glycol. Examples of suitablethermoplastic polyalkylene oxides include, but are not limited to,poly(ethylene oxide). Examples of suitable acrylic polymers include, butare not limited to, potassium methacrylatedivinylbenzene copolymer,polymethylmethacrylate, high-molecular weight crosslinked acrylic acidhomopolymers and copolymers such as those commercially available fromNoveon Chemicals under the tradename CARBOPOL™. Examples of suitablehydrocolloids include, but are not limited to, alginates, agar, guargum, locust bean gum, kappa carrageenan, iota carrageenan, tara, gumarabic, tragacanth, pectin, xanthan gum, gellan gum, maltodextrin,galactomannan, pusstulan, laminarin, scleroglucan, gum arabic, inulin,pectin, gelatin, whelan, rhamsan, zooglan, methylan, chitin,cyclodextrin, chitosan, and mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable claysinclude, but are not limited to, smectites such as bentonite, kaolin,and laponite; magnesium trisilicate; magnesium aluminum silicate; andmixtures thereof. Examples of suitable gelling starches include, but arenot limited to, acid hydrolyzed starches, swelling starches such assodium starch glycolate and derivatives thereof, and mixtures thereof.Examples of suitable swelling cross-linked polymers include, but are notlimited to, cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cross-linked agar, andcross-linked carboxymethylcellulose sodium, and mixtures thereof.

The carrier may contain one or more suitable excipients for theformulation of tablets. Examples of suitable excipients include, but arenot limited to, fillers, adsorbents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants,glidants, release-modifying excipients, superdisintegrants,antioxidants, and mixtures thereof.

Suitable binders include, but are not limited to, dry binders such aspolyvinyl pyrrolidone and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose; wet binders suchas water-soluble polymers, including hydrocolloids such as acacia,alginates, agar, guar gum, locust bean, carrageenan,carboxymethylcellulose, tara, gum arabic, tragacanth, pectin, xanthan,gellan, gelatin, maltodextrin, galactomannan, pusstulan, laminarin,scleroglucan, inulin, whelan, rhamsan, zooglan, methylan, chitin,cyclodextrin, chitosan, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulosics, sucrose, andstarches; and mixtures thereof. Suitable disintegrants include, but arenot limited to, sodium starch glycolate, cross-linkedpolyvinylpyrrolidone, cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose, starches,microcrystalline cellulose, and mixtures thereof.

Suitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, long chain fattyacids and their salts, such as magnesium stearate and stearic acid,talc, glycerides waxes, and mixtures thereof. Suitable glidants include,but are not limited to, colloidal silicon dioxide. Suitablerelease-modifying excipients include, but are not limited to, insolubleedible materials, pH-dependent polymers, and mixtures thereof.

Suitable insoluble edible materials for use as release-modifyingexcipients include, but are not limited to, water-insoluble polymers andlow-melting hydrophobic materials, copolymers thereof, and mixturesthereof. Examples of suitable water-insoluble polymers include, but arenot limited to, ethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl acetate,polycaprolactones, cellulose acetate and its derivatives, acrylates,methacrylates, acrylic acid copolymers, copolymers thereof, and mixturesthereof. Suitable low-melting hydrophobic materials include, but are notlimited to, fats, fatty acid esters, phospholipids, waxes, and mixturesthereof. Examples of suitable fats include, but are not limited to,hydrogenated vegetable oils such as for example cocoa butter,hydrogenated palm kernel oil, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, hydrogenatedsunflower oil, and hydrogenated soybean oil, free fatty acids and theirsalts, and mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable fatty acid estersinclude, but are not limited to, sucrose fatty acid esters, mono-, di-,and triglycerides, glyceryl behenate, glyceryl palmitostearate, glycerylmonostearate, glyceryl tristearate, glyceryl trilaurylate, glycerylmyristate, GlycoWax-932, lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides, stearoylmacrogol-32 glycerides, and mixtures thereof. Examples of suitablephospholipids include phosphotidyl choline, phosphotidyl serene,phosphotidyl enositol, phosphotidic acid, and mixtures thereof. Examplesof suitable waxes include, but are not limited to, carnauba wax,spermaceti wax, beeswax, candelilla wax, shellac wax, microcrystallinewax, and paraffin wax; fat-containing mixtures such as chocolate, andmixtures thereof. Examples of super disintegrants include, but are notlimited to, croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate andcross-linked povidone (crospovidone). In one embodiment the tablet corecontains up to about 5 percent by weight of such super disintegrant.

Examples of antioxidants include, but are not limited to, tocopherols,ascorbic acid, sodium pyrosulfite, butylhydroxytoluene, butylatedhydroxyanisole, edetic acid, and edetate salts, and mixtures thereof.Examples of preservatives include, but are not limited to, citric acid,tartaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, andsorbic acid, and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, the immediate release coating has an averagethickness of at least 50 microns, such as from about 50 microns to about2500 microns; e.g., from about 250 microns to about 1000 microns. Inembodiment, the immediate release coating is typically compressed at adensity of more than about 0.9 g/cc, as measured by the weight andvolume of that specific layer.

In one embodiment, the immediate release coating contains a firstportion and a second portion, wherein at least one of the portionscontains the second pharmaceutically active agent. In one embodiment,the portions contact each other at a center axis of the tablet. In oneembodiment, the first portion includes the first pharmaceutically activeagent and the second portion includes the second pharmaceutically activeagent.

In one embodiment, the first portion contains the first pharmaceuticallyactive agent and the second portion contains the second pharmaceuticallyactive agent. In one embodiment, one of the portions contains a thirdpharmaceutically active agent. In one embodiment one of the portionscontains a second immediate release portion of the same pharmaceuticallyactive agent as that contained in the tablet core.

In one embodiment, the outer coating portion is prepared as a dry blendof materials prior to addition to the coated tablet core. In anotherembodiment the outer coating portion is included of a dried granulationincluding the pharmaceutically active agent.

Formulations with different drug release mechanisms described abovecould be combined in a final dosage form containing single or multipleunits. Examples of multiple units include multilayer tablets, capsulescontaining tablets, beads, or granules in a solid or liquid form.Typical, immediate release formulations include compressed tablets,gels, films, coatings, liquids and particles that can be encapsulated,for example, in a gelatin capsule. Many methods for preparing coatings,covering or incorporating drugs, are known in the art.

The immediate release dosage, unit of the dosage form, i.e., a tablet, aplurality of drug-containing beads, granules or particles, or an outerlayer of a coated core dosage form, contains a therapeutically effectivequantity of the active agent with conventional pharmaceuticalexcipients. The immediate release dosage unit may or may not be coated,and may or may not be admixed with the delayed release dosage unit orunits (as in an encapsulated mixture of immediate releasedrug-containing granules, particles or beads and delayed releasedrug-containing granules or beads).

Extended release formulations are generally prepared as diffusion orosmotic systems, for example, as described in “Remington—The Science andPractice of Pharmacy”, 20th. Ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,Baltimore, Md., 2000). A diffusion system typically consists of one oftwo types of devices, reservoir and matrix, which are well known anddescribed in die art. The matrix devices are generally prepared bycompressing the drug with a slowly dissolving polymer carrier into atablet form.

An immediate release portion can be added to the extended release systemby means of either applying an immediate release layer on top of theextended release core; using coating or compression processes or in amultiple unit system such as a capsule containing extended and immediaterelease beads.

Delayed release dosage formulations are created by coating a soliddosage form with a film of a polymer which is insoluble in the acidenvironment of the stomach, but soluble in the neutral environment ofsmall intestines. The delayed release dosage units can be prepared, forexample, by coating a drug or a drug-containing composition with aselected coating material. The drug-containing composition may be atablet for incorporation into a capsule, a tablet for use as an innercore in a “coated core” dosage form, or a plurality of drug-containingbeads, particles or granules, for incorporation into either a tablet orcapsule.

A pulsed release dosage form is one that mimics a multiple dosingprofile without repeated dosing and typically allows at least a twofoldreduction in dosing frequency as compared to the drug presented as aconventional dosage form (e.g., as a solution or prompt drug-releasing,conventional solid dosage form). A pulsed release profile ischaracterized by a time period of no release (lag time) or reducedrelease followed by rapid drug release.

Each dosage form contains a therapeutically effective amount of activeagent. In one embodiment of dosage forms that mimic a twice daily dosingprofile, approximately 30 wt. % to 70 wt. %, preferably 40 wt. % to 60wt. %, of the total amount of active agent in the dosage form isreleased in the initial pulse, and, correspondingly approximately 70 wt.% to 3.0 wt. %, preferably 60 wt. % to 40 wt. %, of the total amount ofactive agent in the dosage form is released in the second pulse. Fordosage forms mimicking the twice daily dosing profile, the second pulseis preferably released approximately 3 hours to less than 14 hours, andmore preferably approximately 5 hours to 12 hours, followingadministration.

Another dosage form contains a compressed tablet or a capsule having adrug-containing immediate release dosage unit, a delayed release dosageunit and an optional second delayed release dosage unit. In this dosageform, the immediate release dosage unit contains a plurality of beads,granules particles that release drug substantially immediately followingoral administration to provide an initial dose. The delayed releasedosage unit contains a plurality of coated beads or granules, whichrelease drug approximately 3 hours to 14 hours following oraladministration to provide a second dose.

For purposes of transdermal (e.g., topical) administration, dilutesterile, aqueous or partially aqueous solutions (usually in about 0.1%to 5% concentration), otherwise similar to the above parenteralsolutions, may be prepared.

Methods of preparing various pharmaceutical compositions with a certainamount of one or more compounds of formula I and formula IA or otheractive agents are known, or will be apparent in light of thisdisclosure, to those skilled in this art. For examples of methods ofpreparing pharmaceutical compositions, see Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 19th Edition (1995).

In addition, in certain embodiments, subject compositions of the presentapplication maybe lyophilized or subjected to another appropriate dryingtechnique such as spray drying. The subject compositions may beadministered once, or may be divided into a number of smaller doses tobe administered at varying intervals of time, depending in part on therelease rate of the compositions and the desired dosage.

Formulations useful in the methods provided herein include thosesuitable for oral, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual),rectal, vaginal, aerosol and/or parenteral administration. Theformulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and maybe prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The amountof a subject composition which may be combined with a carrier materialto produce a single dose may vary depending upon the subject beingtreated, and the particular mode of administration.

Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the stepof bringing into association subject compositions with the carrier and,optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, theformulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing intoassociation a subject composition with liquid carriers, or finelydivided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping theproduct.

The compounds of formula I and formula IA described herein may beadministered in inhalant or aerosol formulations. The inhalant oraerosol formulations may comprise one or more agents, such as adjuvants,diagnostic agents, imaging agents, or therapeutic agents useful ininhalation therapy. The final aerosol formulation may for examplecontain 0.005-90% w/w, for instance 0.005-50%, 0.005-5% w/w, or0.01-1.0% w/w, of medicament relative to the total weight of theformulation.

In solid dosage forms for oral administration (capsules, tablets, pills,dragees, powders, granules and the like), the subject composition ismixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or anyof the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose,sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as,for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol;(4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potatoor tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodiumcarbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6)absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7)wetting agents, such as, for example, acetyl alcohol and glycerolmonostearate; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9)lubricants, such a talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solidpolyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; and(10) coloring agents. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, thepharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents. Solidcompositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in softand hard-filled gelatin capsules using lactose or milk sugars, as wellas high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceuticallyacceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups andelixirs. In addition to the subject compositions, the liquid dosageforms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, forexample, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers,such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethylacetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butyleneglycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, corn, peanut, sunflower,soybean, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurylalcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, andmixtures thereof.

Suspensions, in addition to the subject compositions, may containsuspending agents such as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols,polyoxyethylene sorbitol, and sorbitan esters, microcrystallinecellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth,and mixtures thereof.

Formulations for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as asuppository, which may be prepared by mixing a subject composition withone or more suitable non-irritating carriers comprising, for example,cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax, or a salicylate,and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperatureand, therefore, will melt in the appropriate body cavity and release theencapsulated compound(s) and composition(s). Formulations which aresuitable for vaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons,creams, gels, pastes, foams, or spray formulations containing suchcarriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.

Dosage forms for transdermal administration include powders, sprays,ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches, andinhalants. A subject composition may be mixed under sterile conditionswith a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives,buffers, or propellants that may be required. For transdermaladministration, the complexes may include lipophilic and hydrophilicgroups to achieve the desired water solubility and transport properties.

The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition tosubject compositions, other carriers, such as animal and vegetable fats,oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives,polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zincoxide, or mixtures thereof. Powders and sprays may contain, in additionto a subject composition, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicicacid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, ormixtures of such substances. Sprays may additionally contain customarypropellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstitutedhydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.

Methods of delivering a composition or compositions via a transdermalpatch are known in the art. Exemplary patches and methods of patchdelivery are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,974,588, 6,564,093,6,312,716, 6,440,454, 6,267,983, 6,239,180, and 6,103,275.

In another embodiment, a transdermal patch may comprise: a substratesheet comprising a composite film formed of a resin compositioncomprising 100 parts by weight of a polyvinyl chloride-polyurethanecomposite and 2-10 parts by weight of astyrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymer, a first adhesive layer onthe one side of the composite film, and a polyalkylene terephthalatefilm adhered to the one side of the composite film by means of the firstadhesive layer, a primer layer which comprises a saturated polyesterresin and is formed on the surface of the polyalkylene terephthalatefilm; and a second adhesive layer comprising a styrene-diene-styreneblock copolymer containing a pharmaceutical agent layered on the primerlayer. A method for the manufacture of the above-mentioned substratesheet comprises preparing the above resin composition molding the resincomposition into a composite film by a calendar process, and thenadhering a polyalkylene terephthalate film on one side of the compositefilm by means of an adhesive layer thereby forming the substrate sheet,and forming a primer layer comprising a saturated polyester resin on theouter surface of the polyalkylene terephthalate film.

Another type of patch comprises incorporating the drug directly in apharmaceutically acceptable adhesive and laminating the drug-containingadhesive onto a suitable backing member, e.g. a polyester backingmembrane. The drug should be present at a concentration which will notaffect the adhesive properties, and at the same time deliver therequired clinical dose.

Transdermal patches may be passive or active. Passive transdermal drugdelivery systems currently available, such as the nicotine, estrogen andnitroglycerine patches, deliver small-molecule drugs. Many of the newlydeveloped proteins and peptide drugs are too large to be deliveredthrough passive transdermal patches and may be delivered usingtechnology such as electrical assist (iontophoresis) for large-moleculedrugs.

Iontophoresis is a technique employed for enhancing the flux of ionizedsubstances through membranes by application of electric current. Oneexample of an iontophoretic membrane is given in U.S. Pat. No. 5,080,646to Theeuwes. The principal mechanisms by which iontophoresis enhancesmolecular transport across the skin are (a) repelling a charged ion froman electrode of the same charge, (b) electroosmosis, the convectivemovement of solvent that occurs through a charged pore in response thepreferential passage of counter-ions when an electric field is appliedor (c) increase skin permeability due to application of electricalcurrent.

In some cases, it may be desirable to administer in the form of a kit,it may comprise a container for containing the separate compositionssuch as a divided bottle or a divided foil packet. Typically the kitcomprises directions for the administration of the separate components.The kit form is particularly advantageous when the separate componentsare preferably administered in different dosage forms (e.g., oral andparenteral), are administered at different dosage intervals, or whentitration of the individual components of the combination is desired bythe prescribing physician.

An example of such a kit is a so-called blister pack. Blister packs arewell known in the packaging industry and are widely used for thepackaging of pharmaceutical unit dosage forms (tablets, capsules, andthe like). Blister packs generally consist of a sheet of relativelystiff material covered with a foil of a plastic material that may betransparent.

Methods and compositions for the treatment of Neurological disorders.Among other things, herein is provided a method of treating Neurologicaldisorders, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of compound of Formula I:

Wherein,

-   R¹ each independently represents Oxygen (O), D, Hydrogen (H) or    Fluorine (F);-   R³ each independently represents

-   R² independently represents Acetyl (CH₃CO—),

-   -   a is independently 2, 3 or 7;    -   each b is independently 3, 5 or 6;    -   e is independently 1, 2 or 6;    -   c and d are each independently H, D, —OH, —OD, C₁-C₆-alkyl, —NH₂        or —COCH₃.        Methods for using Compounds of Formula I and Formula IA:

The invention also includes methods for treating neurological disorderssuch as convulsions and mood-stabilizing agent and, also used primarilyin the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder, as well as trigeminalneuralgia. It is also used for a variety of indications, includingattention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia,neuropathic pain, seizures, bipolar disorder, mania, phantom limbsyndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, paroxysmal extreme paindisorder, neuromyotonia, intermittent explosive disorder, borderlinepersonality disorder, Myotonia congenita and post-traumatic stressdisorder.

Methods of Making

Examples of synthetic pathways useful for making compounds of formula IAare set forth in example below and generalized in scheme 1 and scheme 2.

Step-1: Synthesis of Compound 2:

To a stirred suspension of compound 1 (200 g, 847.5 mmol) and sodiumcarbonate (287.4 g, 2711 mmol) in dichloromethane (1000 ml) were addedtablets of potassium permanganate supported on alumina (3.5% w/w, 3.46g, 0.77 mmol). Thereafter, peroxyacetic acid (39% solution in aceticacid, 432 ml, 2538 mmol) was added dropwise over one hour, causing agradual rise in temperature until gentle reflux of the solvent. Themixture was stirred for twenty minutes and then allowed to stand fortwenty minutes. The sodium carbonate and supported catalyst were thenremoved by filtration and washed by dichloromethane (200 ml); thealumina beads were separated from sodium carbonate by screening througha sieve. The combined filtrate was then stirred with an aqueous solutionof sodium sulphite (20 g) and sodium bicarbonate (20 g) in water (250ml) for one hour. The phases were then separated and the aqueous phaseextracted by dichloromethane (50 ml). The combined organic layers werewashed by water (100 ml), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 ml),water again (100 ml) and brine, then dried over anhydrous sodiumsulphate and filtered. Evaporation of the solvent (rotary evaporator,water aspirator pressure, 40.degree. C.) gave the crude epoxide 2 as abeige solid which was crystallised from ethyl acetate (100 ml) to givethe product as an off-white solid, 194.2 g, (91% yield).

Step-2: Synthesis of Compound 3:

To a solution of the epoxide 2 (5.03 g, 20 mmol) in methanol (100 ml),dichloromethane (50 ml) and water (5 ml) at room temperature undernitrogen was added ammonium formate (3.78 g, 60 mmol) followed by 10%palladium on charcoal (540 mg, 0.51 mmol Pd). The resulting mixture wasstirred at room temperature for one hour and then the catalyst wasrecovered by filtration through celite. The filter pad was washed withdichloromethane (20 ml), and the organic phase of the combined filtratewas separated and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Filtration andevaporation of the solvent (rotary evaporator, water aspirator pressure,40.degree. C.) gave the crude alcohol (3) which was crystallized fromethyl acetate (20 ml) to afford white crystals, 4.7 g, (93% yield).

Step-4: Synthesis of Compound 4:

Dichloromethane 2160 ml, 164.96 g (R)-(−)-acetyl mandelic acid, 180 gracemic 3, 86.48 g 4-dimethylamino pyrimidine and 175.28 gdicyclohexylcarbodiimide were mixed in a round bottom flask and theresultant reaction mixture was refluxed for one hour. After completionof reaction the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate waswashed with aqueous acetic acid and aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution.The organic layer was collected and it was concentrated. To the residuethus obtained 1620 ml of methyl isobutylketone was added. The resultantreaction mixture was heated at 60-65° C. for one hour and filtered atthe same temperature. The solid thus obtained was again purified byusing methyl isobutylketone at 60-65° C. to get title compound with97.6% of optical purity.

Step-5: Synthesis of Compound 5:

250 ml water, 50 g compound 4 and 50 g sodium hydroxide were mixed in around bottom flask. The resultant reaction mixture was heated at 80-85°C. for 1 hour. After completion of reaction the reaction mixture wascooled to ambient temperature and the pH of the reaction mixture wasadjusted to acidic to get 26 g of compound 5.

Step-6: Synthesis of Compound 6:

240 ml dichloromethane, 5.29 g, acetic acid, 20 g compound 5, 9.6 g4-dimethylamino pyridine and 19.47 g dicyclohexylcarbodiimide werecharged in a round bottom flask. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 1hour, after completion of reaction the reaction mixture was filtered,and the filtrate was washed with aqueous acetic acid and aqueous sodiumbicarbonate solution. The organic layer was separated and it wasconcentrated, to the residue thus obtained isopropyl alcohol (140 ml)was added. The resultant mixture was heated to reflux for 30 minutesfollowed by cooling to 25-30° C. The product thus separated and filteredto obtain 17 g of compound 6 with 99.6% optical purity.

Step-7: Synthesis of Compound 8:

To a solution of compound 6 (1.0 mmol) in dry DCM (1.8 ml) was addedN,N-diisopropylethylamine (2.0 mmol) at −10° C., followed by drop wiseaddition of 1-chloroethylchloroformate 7 (1.2 mmol) for 30 min at thesame temperature and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 1 h at0° C. On completion of the reaction (monitored by TLC), the reactionmixture the solvent was evaporated and the crude was purified throughcolumn to get compound 8.

Step-8: Synthesis of Compound 10:

In a RB flask the acid 9 (1.2 mmol) & anhydrous K₂CO₃ (1.1 mmol) wastaken in dry DMF (10 vol) stir at room temperature for 30 min and thencooled to −10° C., compound 8 was added slowly drop wise & then allowedto stir at room temperature for 12 h. Reaction was monitored by TLC. Oncompletion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was poured into water(10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×5 ml). The combined organiclayers were washed with water (2×5 mL) followed by brine solution (10mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under reduced pressure.The crude was purified by column chromatography over 100-200 mesh silicagel to get the product 10.

Step-1: Synthesis of10-oxo-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide

To a solution of azepine-10-One (25 g, 0.119 mol) in Dichloromethane(200 ml) was dropwise added the solution of chloro sulphonyl isocyanate(32.6 g, 0.230 mol) in Dichloromethane (100 ml) under nitrogenatmosphere at 0-5° C. After the addition of chloro sulphonyl isocyanate,reaction mixture was stirred for 1-2 hrs at 0-5° C. The Progress ofreaction was monitored by TLC. Reaction mixture was quenched withGlacial acetic acid (25 ml) followed by addition of DM water (150 ml) at10-15° C. Layers were separated and Aq. layer was re-extracted withDichloromethane (3*200 ml). Combined Dichloromethane layer was distilledoff at reduced pressure at 40-45° C. Product was further crystallizedwith Isopropyl alcohol (100 ml) to get pure azepine amide (27.90 g, 93%)with 98.52% Purity by HPLC.

Step-2: Synthesis of10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide

Sodium borohydride (6.0 g, 0.162 mol) was portion-wise added to thesuspension of Azepine amide (45.0 g, 0.178 mol) in Ab. Ethanol (185 ml)and DM water (103 ml) at an ambient temperature. Reaction mixture wasallowed to stir for 2-3 hr at 45-50° C. Progress of reaction wasmonitored by TLC (Solvent system: 10% Methanol in DCM). After completionof reaction, acetone was slowly added to reaction mixture at 10-15° C.Reaction mixture was further stirred for 30 min. at an ambienttemperature. Organic solvents from reaction mixture were distilled offunder reduced pressure at 45-50° C. Residue thus obtained was stirred inDM water (100 ml) for 1-2 hr at 0-5° C. Suspension was filtered andwashed with ice-cold water (2*25 ml). Air dry the product for 12-15 hrat 50-60° C. to get pure desired compound (42.8 g, 94%) with 99% purityby HPLC.

Step-3: Synthesis of5-carbamoyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-10-yl acetate

To the suspension of hydroxy azepine amide (40 g, 0.157 mol) in DCM (340mL) was added pyridine (18.64 g, 0.235 mol) followed by DMAP (1.92 g,0.0157 mol) at an ambient temperature. Acetic anhydride (20 g, 0.196mol) was dropwise added to the reaction mixture at an ambienttemperature. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 30 mins at thesame temperature. Progress of reaction was monitored by TLC (Solventsystem: 50% Ethyl acetate in hexane). After completion of reaction, 15%aq. HCl (400 ml) was slowly added to reaction mixture. The organic layerwas separated and concentrated under reduced pressure at 40-45° C. Thecrude residue was purified using Di-isopropyl ether (150 ml) to providethe desired compound as off-white powder (45 g, 96%) with 99.03% purityby HPLC.

Step-4: Synthesis of5-[(chloroacetyl)carbamoyl]-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-10-ylacetate

Acetyl azepine amide (2 g, 0.0067 mol)) was added to chloro acetylchloride (4.2 g, 0.037 mol) and the resultant solution was heated for2-3 hrs at 60-65° C. Reaction mass was carefully quenched with DM water(30 ml) at 10-15° C. and the product was extracted with DCM (3*20 ml).Organic layer was concentrated at reduced pressure at 40-45° C. to getcrude product. The crude residue was purified by flash columnchromatography on 230-400 mesh silica gel using eluent, 30% ethylacetate in hexane to get the desired compound in 99% purity by HPLC (0.6g, 24%).

Step-5: Synthesis of CLX-SYN-G4-C02

To a solution of acetyl azepine diamide (1.0 g, 0.0026 mol) inacetonitrile (10 ml) was added potassium carbonate (0.37 g, 0.0026 mol)followed by addition of (R)-Lipoic acid (0.64 g, 0.00312 mol) at anambient temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2-3 hr at65-70° C. Reaction mixture was completely concentrated under reducedpressure at 45-50° C. DCM (15 ml) and DM water (15 ml) was added toabove residue and stirred for 10 mins. Layers were separated and aqueouspart was re-extracted with DCM (25 ml). Combined DCM layer was washedwith 5% Brine solution (20 ml). DCM was distilled off under reducedpressure to get crude product. The crude residue was purified by flashcolumn chromatography on 230-400 mesh silica gel (30% ethyl acetate inhexane) to provide the desired compound CLX-SYN-G4-C02 as a light yellowsticky oil (250 mg, 25%).

EXAMPLES

Toxicokinetic Effects of Carbamazepine and Formula (1-2) in DiabeticRats

Carbamazepine (CBZ) is one of the most widely used antiepileptic drugs.It is classified as a narrow therapeutic index drug and is belonging toa group of drugs that are highly susceptible to drug-drug interactions.

Methods:

Diabetes was induced in adult male Sprague Dawely rats by streptozotocin(60 mg/kg, ip). Animals were divided into three sets, normal anddiabetic sets; each set was divided into control and three-treatedgroups where rats received orally carbamazepine and formula (1-2) indose levels of 100 and 200 mg/kg once daily for 28 days. Thepharmacokinetic profiles were carried out over a period of 24 hours. Theliver functions were evaluated by the determination of albumin, ALT andAST plasma levels and kidney functions were determined by creatinine andurea. Histopathology of rat's livers and kidneys were also investigated.Carbamazepine plasma levels were determined by a validated HPLC method.

Results:

The obtained results showed that Liver enzymes, urea and creatininelevels were significantly elevated in carbamazepine-treated groups(P<0.05). These effects were more pronounced in diabetic rats. Diabetessignificantly altered the rate and extent of carbamazepine absorption(P<0.05).

Carbamazepine pharmacokinetic parameters showed that diabetes reducedCmax, AUC₀₋₂₄ and AUC0-inf by 6.8%, 13.6% and 22.8%, respectivelyfollowing administration of carbamazepine 100 mg/kg and by 20.3%, 12.2%and 32.8%, respectively following administration of carbamazepine 200mg/kg.

Formula (1-2) pharmacokinetic parameters showed better Cmax, AUC₀₋₂₄ andAUC0-inf by 8.1%, 26.4% and 31.3%, respectively following administrationof formula (1-2) 100 mg/kg and by 32.9%, 19.8% and 39.8%, respectivelyfollowing administration of formula (1-2) 200 mg/kg.

The term “sample” refers to a sample of a body fluid, to a sample ofseparated cells or to a sample from a tissue or an organ. Samples ofbody fluids can be obtained by well known techniques and include,preferably, samples of blood, plasma, serum, or urine, more preferably,samples of blood, plasma or serum.

EQUIVALENTS

The present disclosure provides among other things compositions andmethods for treating Neurological disorders and their complications.While specific embodiments of the subject disclosure have beendiscussed, the above specification is illustrative and not restrictive.Many variations of the systems and methods herein will become apparentto those skilled in the art upon review of this specification. The fullscope of the claimed systems and methods should be determined byreference to the claims, along with their full scope of equivalents, andthe specification, along with such variations.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications and patents mentioned herein, including those itemslisted above, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety asif each individual publication or patent was specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In case ofconflict, the present application, including any definitions herein,will control.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, enantiomer, orstereoisomer thereof, wherein: R₁ represents —O—; R₃ represents

R₂ represents CH₃CO—,

a is 2, 3 or 7; each b is independently 3, 5 or 6; e is 1, 2 or 6; c andd are each independently H, D, —OH, —OD, C₁-C₆-alkyl, —NH₂ or —COCH₃. 2.A compound of Formula IA:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, enantiomer, orstereoisomer thereof, wherein: R₁ represents —O—; R₃ represents

R₂ represents CH₃CO—,

a is 2, 3 or 7; each b is independently 3, 5 or 6; e is 1, 2 or 6; c andd are each independently H, D, —OH, —OD, C₁-C₆-alkyl, —NH₂ or —COCH₃. 3.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1, and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 4. A pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound of claim 2 and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier.
 5. A method of treating epilepsy, trigeminal neuralgia, orneuropathic pain wherein the method comprises administering to a patientin need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 3, and wherein an effective of said pharmaceuticalcomposition is administered to the patient in need by oraladministration, delayed release or sustained release, transmucosaladministration, syrup, topical administration, parenteraladministration, injection, subdermal administration, oral solution,rectal administration, buccal administration or transdermaladministration.
 6. A method of treating epilepsy, trigeminal neuralgia,or neuropathic pain wherein the method comprises administering to apatient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of thepharmaceutical composition of claim 4, and wherein an effective of saidpharmaceutical composition is administered to the patient in need byoral administration, delayed release or sustained release, transmucosaladministration, syrup, topical administration, parenteraladministration, injection, subdermal administration, oral solution,rectal administration, buccal administration or transdermaladministration.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, furthercomprising a molecular conjugate of carboxamide compounds selected froma group consisting of 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide and10-oxo-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide, andcarboxylic acid compounds selected from a group consisting of R-Lipoicacid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid.
 8. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 7, wherein the carboxylic acidcompound is R-Lipoic acid.
 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7,wherein the carboxylic acid compound is eicosapentaenoic acid.
 10. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 7, wherein the carboxylic acidcompound is docosahexaenoic acid.
 11. The pharmaceutical composition ofclaim 7, wherein the carboxamide compound is5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide.
 12. The pharmaceutical compositionof claim 7, wherein the carboxamide compound is10-oxo-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide.
 13. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 4, further comprising a molecularconjugate of carboxamide compounds selected from a group consisting of5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide and10-oxo-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide, andcarboxylic acid compounds selected from a group consisting of R-Lipoicacid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid.
 14. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 13, wherein the carboxylic acidcompound is R-Lipoic acid.
 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim13, wherein the carboxylic acid compound is eicosapentaenoic acid. 16.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13, wherein the carboxylic acidcompound is docosahexaenoic acid.
 17. The pharmaceutical composition ofclaim 13, wherein the carboxamide compound is5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide.
 18. The pharmaceutical compositionof claim 13, wherein the carboxamide compound is10-oxo-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide.